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IMAGE  EVALIVATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872.4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIViH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


I 


Tschnical  imd  Bibliogrtphic  NotM/NotM  MchniquM  at  MbHographiquM 


The  Inttitut*  has  attMnptsd  to  obtain  tha  boat 
original  co|»y  avaHaUa  for  filmlno.  Faaturoa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliofiraphicaliy  unlqua, 
wMch  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduetlon,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  arc  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 


E2I 
D 


D 


Colourad  covers/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


r~~1   Covors  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommag4e 

Covars  rastorad  and/or  iaminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurAa  at/ou  palileulAa 


r~|  Covar  titia  missing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

•d  maps/ 
gtographiquas  an  coulaur 

•d  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noiral 


□  Colourad  maps/ 
Cartas 

rn   Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  Mua  or  black)/ 


rn  Colourad  platas  and/or  iiiustrationa/ 


D 


Planchas  at/ou  illustrations  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
Rali4  avac  d'autraa  documents 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shado%vs  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  raiiura  sarrAa  paut  causar  da  i'ombra  ou  da  la 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marga  intMaura 

Blank  iaavas  addad  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  tha  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanchee  eJoutAee 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  ie  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  peges  n'ont 
pas  «tA  fiimias. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmantairas: 


L'Institut  a  microfllm4  ie  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu1l  lui  a  4t*  poaaible  de  se  procurer.  Les  d4tails 
da  oat  exempMra  qui  aont  paut-Atre  uniquae  du 
point  de  vue  bibHographique,  qui  pauvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exlger  une 
modlflcatkNi  dans  la  mithoda  norinala  de  fllmage 


nn   Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pagee  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  end/oi 

Pagee  rastauriaa  at/ou  pelHcuMea 

Pagee  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe4 
i*agae  dAcotortea.  tachaties  ou  piquAea 

Pages  deteched/ 
Pages  ditachAas 


r~l  Pages  damaged/ 

r~~|  Pages  restored  end/or  laminated/ 

□  Pagee  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pagee 

[~n   Pages  deteched/ 


P 
o 
fi 


Oi 
b« 

th 
si« 
ot 
fir 
si< 
or 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
QuaHt*  inigale  de  Umpression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprand  du  matiriel  suppi4mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Beule  MMon  dlaponlbla 

Pegee  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
sHps.  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refiimed  to 
enaura  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pagee  totaiement  ou  partieliement 
obacurdes  par  un  faulHet  d'errata,  une  pelure. 
etc..  ont  4t4  fllm4es  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenlr  la  meiNeure  image  possible. 


Th 
sh 
TH 
wl 

Ml 
dif 
em 
bei 
rigl 

ins 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  f  llmA  au  taux  de  rAductton  indiquA  d-deeaous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

2SX 

aox 

v^ 

12X                 1AX                 anc                 MX                 2BX                 ax 

Th«  copy  fllm«d  har*  has  b««n  roproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archivtt  of  British  Columbia 


L'aiiamplaira  film*  f ut  raproduit  grica  *  la 
g^nArosit*  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poaaibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  iagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apacificationt. 


Laa  imagaa  suivantaa  ont  At*  raproduitat  avac  la 
plus  grand  aoin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  I'axamplaira  filmA.  at  ^n 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  capias  in  printad  papar  oovars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  capias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  imprassion. 


Las  axamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  un 
papiar  ast  imprimis  sont  film*s  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  m*  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnMra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  filmAs  1%  commandant  par  la 
pramiAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darniAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 


Tha  last  raco7dad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 


Un  das  symbolas  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
darniira  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — »>  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  V  signifia  "FIN". 


Maps,  platas.  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornar.  iaft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framas  as 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrams  illustrata  tha 
mathod: 


Las  cartas,  planchas.  tablaaux.  ate.  pauvant  Atra 
filmAs  i  das  taux  da  reduction  diffArants. 
Lorsqua  la  documant  ast  trap  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  mn  un  saui  clichA.  il  ast  filmA  A  partir 
da  I'angia  supAriaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  A  droita. 
at  da  haut  •!%  bas.  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagas  nAcassaira.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrant  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 

■ 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

No.  I. 


INDIAN  BULLETIN 


FOR    1807. 


(XI.NTAIM.Mi    A    UlllEir 


ACCOUNT  OF  THE  NORTH  AMEIUCAN  INDIANS, 


AM>  TDK 


INTERPRKTATIOK  OF  MANY  INDIAN  NAMKS. 


BY 

KEY.    N.    W.    JONKS. 


NEW    YORK: 
PIIINTED    BY    C.    A.    ALVOUD, 

18(i7. 


T^ 


\l 


, 


V.I 


This  jianiplilt't  is  i:»sae(l  to  snbsoribors,  for  the  purpose  of  do- 
fniying  in  part  the  cxponso  of  an  cft'ort  to  establisli  a  National 
I'rofessorsliip  of  In-lian   Latiijuai^cH  and  Archajolocfy. 

The  corn-ct  interpretation  of  a  single  Indian  na)ne  often  requires 
inoiitli3  of  labor. 

lliere  are  a  few  interpretations  in  this  pamphlet  which  may  be 
incorrect.     These  will  l)e  amended  in  tlie  liiilletin  for  IHC^. 

The  iinliin  IJuUetin  for  ISOH  will  continue  the  interpretation  of 
Imliun  names  nnd  give  an  account  of  the  ancient  Chinese  voyages 
to  tiiis  continent. 


Knteri'il  ni'i'iinlliis  to  int  nf  t'limrrivis.  In  tlu'  vi -ir  lMi7. 

Hv  N.   W.  .lO.NKS. 

Ill  thr  Clirk's  O.llcf  i(f  the  Dlttrirt  (  «iiiil  i.f  llic  fnltcii  SUitts  f..r  the 

Soiithurn  DUti'lul  of  Ni-w   \«rk. 


INDIAN    lU  LLETIN. 


*' Wklcomk,  AvclcoiiH',  Eii<rlislmian,''  was  tlic  saluta- 
tion with  which  the  j)llgnms  w<'n»  cri-,.(.t(>(l  on  their  arrival 
upon  the  shores  of  tlie  Now  Workl,  by  thi?  uoWe  and 
gcncroiis  native. 

Further  south,  the  beautiful  Poeahontas  saved  the  life 
of  (!a])tain  Jolin  Smith,  and  her  countrymen  furnislied 
])rovlsl()ns  to  sustain  tiie  Infant  colony  of  \'ir^inia.  In 
New  York,  in  Rhode  Island,  and  Avherever  the  iirst 
settlers  of  this  continent  came,  Indian  storehouses  wore 
opened  to  sup])ly  th<>  wants  of  faniishin<^  adventurers. 
Th(\v  furnished  food,  shelter,  land,  trade,  and  wealth  to 
hundreds  and  thousands.  Who  was  this  Indian  who 
nursed  the  infancy  of  this  tcreat  nation  i  He  was  a  man 
made  in  the  imaj^e  of  God,  and  once  sole  proprietor  of 
tills  vast  continent.  He  was  a  true  friend,  a  l)rav(!  warrior, 
generous  in  disposition,  and  a  devout  worshiper  of  the 
Great  S})lrlt.  lie  had  a  languafre  more  copious  than  any 
in  the  known  world.  He  was  an  ehxiuent  orator,  a  skillful 
nM'chanic.  a  successful  i)hyslclan.  a  ])ract!cal  farmer;  and 
the  native  Mexicans  were  more  accurate  astronomers  than 
either  the  ancient  (xreeks  or  Romans. 

This  race  Is  fast  i>assin^  awa}' ;  but  th(;y  have  left  a 
literature,  written  by  the  early  missionaries,  ftir  more 
<'o})ious  than  the  Hebrew,  and  almost  every  stream, 
vaHev,  and  mountain  commemorates  their  existence. 


•  TUrnAL   DIVISIONS. 

The  Indians  of  North  Amerl(;a,  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  north  of  the  (fulf  of  Mexico,  have  been  divided  into 
five  great  divisions.      1  (j  D  8  4  0 


1.  The  Eskimnn.v. 
a.  The  Athui)ascas. 

3.  Algonkin  Lcnaix'. 

4.  Tnuiuoin,  or  Six  Nations.  ' 

C).  Soutlu'rn    Indians,    Cn'<«k!?,    Cherokoos,    Clioctns, 
Chicasas,  and  kindred  tiilw's. 

Tlio  most  numerous  family  of  nations,  tlie  iMj^onkins, 
lias  l)eon  thus  classilied  : 

NOIJTIIKK.V    ALOOXKIXS, 

Knistinaux,  Chij»pc'\vas,  Ottawas,  Potowotamies,  Mis- 
sissagues. 

NOimiKASTKItX, 

including    tlie    Algonkins    of   Labrador,  tlie    Micmacs, 
tho  Etchemins,  and  tlie  Abenakis. 


EASTKIIX,    OK   ATLANTIC    ALGOXKlXSj 

occupying    tho    country   between    the   Saco    River,    in 
Maine,  and  Cape  Ilatteras,  in  North  Carolina. 

These  were,  first,  the  New  England  Indians,  embracing 
thePequods,  of  Connecticut :  the  Narragansetts,  of  llhode 
Island  ;  the  Pawkunnawkuts,  or  Wampanoags,  mostly 
within  the  bounds  of  the  Plymouth  colon}'.  The  Massa- 
chusetts. 

The  Pawtuckets,  north  and  northeast  of  Mjussachu- 
setts,  the  chief  tribe  of  which  were  called  Pena(!ooks. 

Delawares  and  Mijisi,  between  the  Hudson  and  Dela- 
ware Rivers. 

The  Susquehanocks,  on  the  Susfjuehanna  River. 

Powhatansof  Virginia,  consisting  of  thirty-four  tribes, 
speaking  the  same  language,  and  numbering  ten  thousand? 
souls. 

Pamlicos,  of  North  Carolina,  extending  as  far  south 
as  Cape  Ilatteras. 


■i^ 


WKSTKUN    I,i:\AI»K, 

•'iiibraciiiii    th«;    MiiimiH,     Illinois,     Sliawiicos,    Sjuikis, 
Mi'uouu'nit's. 

IU(KH'<»If<   TUIBKS. 

Northvni  and  Southern  Iroquois. 

Tlu»X()rtlH'niw»'r«» — First,  thfFivv  Nations,  consistinj? 
of  tlir  MoliJiwks,  Ont'idas,  Ononda^as,  the  Cayuj^as,  and 
tin'  S(^'nt'caH.  S<H'ond,  tin?  Wrstorn  li-o([uois  tribes,  con- 
sisting; of  tin?  Wyandots,  or  lliinnis ;  Attiouaiularons,  or 
tin?  inMitral  nation  ;  tin*  Erigas  and  the  Andastes,  or 
Gii.tadastojiuos,  sonth  of  Lak<^  Eri«^ 

The  Sontlicrn  Irotjuois  tribes  occupied  the  River 
Chowan  and  its  tributary  streams,  and  also  the  llivers 
Neuse  and  Tar.  On  th  '  two  latter  lived  the  Tuscaroras, 
tlie  most  ]K)werful  tribe  in  North  Carolina,  who  were 
afterward  incorporated  amonj;  the  Five  Nations. 

BOmiEKN  INDIANS. 

The  Southern  Indians,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
south  of  th»'  country  occupied  by  the  Lenape  and  Iro- 
qtiois,  were  tin*  Catawbas,  Cherokees,  Creeks,  Seniinoles, 
Choctaws,  Chickasas,  to<;ether  with  the  Natchez,  and  some 
Hmalh»r  vribes  not  nuKrh  known. 

The  Southern  Indians  were  somewhat  more  civilized 
than  tlu'  Northern,  and  dejiended  more  up(m  agriculture 
for  a  subsistence,  and  the  men  assisted  in  the  labors  of 
the  tield.  On«»  cause  of  their  beinj;  more  ajjiicultural, 
doubtless,  was  the  fact  that  corn  was  more  easily  raised, 
and  j;anie  less  plentiful  than  in  the  North. 

Among  the  southern  tribes,  the  Natchez  were  dis- 
tinguished by  temples  dedicated  to  the  sun,  and  a  regu- 
larly organized  pri<»stliood.  There  was  a  tradition  among 
the  Natchez  that  their  nation  once  extended  for  twelve 
days'  JourjH'y,  from  east  to  west,  and  fifteen  from  north 
to  south,  liaving  within  these  bounds  live  hundred  chiefs, 
called  Suns. 


6 

The  prliicipjil  Iiidiaii  tiib<\^  bct'voon  tlio  Mississipi)! 
ami  tlie  Hooky  MountainH  arc  tlic  Sioux,  PawiiccH,  and 
Black  Fi'(;t.     The  Sioux  call  tlicnisclvos  J)ahc'otas. 

LOCAL  T11IHEH. 

From  Albany  westward  U>  Lako  Eric  won;  the  Five 
Nations. 

l>e  Tjaet  thus  ennnieratea  the  tribes  aloufj;  the  Hudson 
River:  The  Manliattans and  Packandns,  alonj?  th(>  eastern 
bank,  below  the  llij^ldands ;  tin;  Waroanekins,  on  the 
<»astern,  and  the  Waranancoiifryns,  on  the  western  bank, 
both  in  the  vicinity  of  Kinj^ston.  Above  them  he  places 
th«'  Manikans,  on  the  eastern  bank,  and  oj)posite  them 
the  Mackwes  (MohaAvks),  their  hen'ditary  enemies. 


LOXr.   ISLAND. 

The  tribes  upim  Lonp:  Tslan<l  (Consisted  of  the  Canarsee, 
Rockaway,  Merric  (or,  Meroke),  Massapequa  (or,  Marsa- 
poague),  Matinecock,  Nesaquako  (or,  Nissa(pio^ue),  Seat- 
alcot  (or,  Setauket),  Corchaut;,  Manhasset,  Secatogue, 
Patchogue,  Shinecock,  Montauk. 

The  sachem  of  the  Montauks  was  acknowledged  to  be 
the  Grand  Sachem  of  Long  Island.  Long  Island  was  a 
favorite  i-esidence  of  the  Indians ;  its  bays  and  coves 
affording  a  most  abundant  supply  of  iish  and  clams,  and 
its  woods  were  well  stock«'d  with  deer.  The  eastern  j)or- 
tion  of  Pennsylvania  Avas  inhabited  by  tlu>  Delawares, 
or  Leni  Lenapc".  It  was  among  thts«»  that  William  Penn 
founded  his  colony,  and,  by  treating  the  natives  Avith  Jus- 
tice, formed  a  chain  of  frientlship  betAveen  the  Quaker 
and  the  Indian,  Aviiich  remains  still  unbroken. 

NeAV  Jersey  Avas  Avholly  occu])ied  by  tribes  of  the 
DehiAvare  confederaty.  Among  thes(^  AVere  liie  Kaiitans. 
Ilackensacks,  Pomptons,  and  Minisinks.  The  colon}'  of 
NeAV  Jersey  treated  the  Indians  Avith  uniform  Justice,  and 
fairly  purchased  tlieii-  lands  of  tli(3  native  proprietors. 


AHTS   OF   TIIK    INDIANS. 


Fiv 


Tlu'y  wt'i'*'  nkillcd  in  ap^iicultnrc— cultivating  corn, 
l)eans,  s(iu«s1h's,  and  tobacco,  on  IVrtilc  lands,  and  h-av- 
Uv^  tlic  barren  as  i)j»,'ituragu  for  doer,  and  other  wil*l 
animals. 

They  were  in«;cniou8  artisans,  as  tlicir  bows,  arrows, 
ax«*s,  i)ottciy,  and  other  household  utensils,  bejir  witness. 
Their  cancK's  of  various  kind",  mats,  head-dresses,  and 
garments,  adorned  with  feathers  and  T)eads,  testify  to 
both  their  skill  and  their  tasti'. 

They  were  excellent  jdiysicians,  having  a  knowledge 
of  many  ])lant9,  roots,  and  sjiecies  of  bark,  which  were 
very  useful  as  remedies.  Koger  Williams  and  Ib'cke- 
welder  ])oth  assert  that  the  Indians  excelled  in  tlie  healing 
art,  in  regard  to  those  diseases  whi(^h  were  common  among 
them. 

I)u  Pratz,  the  French  historian  of  Ijouisiana,  says  that 
he  was  cured  of  a  painful  disr'ase  of  the  eye  in  ten  days, 
by  Indian  physicians.  He  also  mentions  several  cases  of 
sickness  cured  by  the  Indians  in  a  few  days,  which 
baffled  the  skill  of  the  best  French  i)hysicians  in  Ix)ui- 
siana. 

They  displayed  great  ingenuity  in  trapping  wild  ani- 
mals. Sometimes  a  herd  of  lifty  or  sixty  deer  were 
driven  into  a  small  inclosure,  a  i)()rtion  of  tliem  killed, 
and  those  most  suitable  for  ])erpetuating  the  race  spared. 
They  were  careful  not  to  exterminate  any  species  of 
game. 

They  liad  a  mode  of  preparing  condensed  food,  by 
parching  and  pounding  their  corn,  then  sifting  and  mix- 
ing it  with  mai)le  sugar.  A  single  spoonful  of  this 
parched  meal  was,  according  to  the  testimony  of  Roger 
Williams,  sufficient  for  a  man's  meal.  It  would,  no 
doubt,  be  very  serviceable  to  soldiers  on  long  marches, 
in  a  modern  cam})aign. 

In  war  they  exhibited  unexampled  bravery.  A'er}' 
fcM'  Indians  have  been  known  to  be  cowards.     Friendly 


1 


8 

and  Christian  Indians  ])robal)ly  savcfl  tlu'  New  England 
roloniea  from  cxtrnnination  in  tin*  time  of  Kin^  Philip'H 
war.  In  our  lato  contest,  an  Indian  servod  witli  distiu- 
guislu'd  honor  on  (fem-ral  (Print's  Staff, 

In  tlicir  dom«'8ti(^  rehitions  tlu'y  Vivvf  quite  as  happy 
as  their  European  conquerors.  Whatever  the  lius])and 
procured  by  huntiii;;  belonjjced  to  tlie  wife;  and  what- 
ever tlu^  wif'  raised  in  the  liehl  beh)nged  to  th(?  hus- 
band. The  boys  Avere  early  trained  to  liunt  and  fisli,  and 
the  <;irls,  to  raise  corn  and  Aveav«'  mats.  Chihlren  were 
ttiuj^lit  to  respect  thi'  aj^r'd,  New  corn-fields  were  usually 
l)roken  uj)  by  a  mirthful  gathering  of  all  residing  in  tho 
vicinity. 

(U)VKKXMKNT. 

Their  (rovernment  was  of  the  ])atriarchal  kind,  consist- 
in<;  of  chiefs  and  counselors,  and  was  j'dmirably  adapted 
tc  men  in  the  hunter  state.  Thev  had  a  svstem  of  law 
analofjous  to  the  common  law  of  Fhigland,  founded  upon 
inmiemorial  custom.  Murderers  AVere  punished  by  tho 
nearest  r»'lative  of  the  deceased.  The  declaration  of  war 
and  treatir's  of  peace  Avere  accompanied  Avith  ap})roj)riate 
ceremonies.  No  Indian  Avas  allowed  to  marry  in  his  oAvn 
tribe.  The  succession  to  the  chieftainship  AA'as  governed 
by  special  laAvs.  Among  many  tribes,  a  son  could  not 
succeed  his  father  as  chief,  because  his  mother  AA'as  a 
foreigner. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  INDI.\NS. 

They  probably  (!anie  to  America  in  very  early  times, 
but  by  Avhat  rout<.',  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain.  The 
first  people  of  this  continent  undoubtedly  consisted  of 
those  driven  ui)on  the  coast  by  accident,  by  shipAvreck, 
by  drifting  canoes,  and  by  floating  ic('bergs. 

It  is  probable  that  in  Mexico,  Central  America,  and 
along  the  Pacific  coast,  a  great  variety  of  tribes  Avere 
landed  upon  the  shores  of  Ameri(;a  either  by  accident  or 
design. 


To  Mexico  or  California  canH'  ChincH*?  sliljw  in  the  yoar 
4r)8  of  onr  era,  and  tlu'  conntry  is  calli'd  Kaii  San^  in 
Cl»in«'s«'  ^fo^rai)hit'9.  The  L.'»''*"rn  coast  (»f  CV^ntral  Ame- 
rica and  Mt'xico  are  supposed  '  have  been  visited  by 
PhdMiician  or  Carthaginian  shipt^  in  very  early  times. 

Many  Carthaginian  shi  s,  v  <>  are  told  in  history, 
passed  beyond  tlu'  River  Lixiis  (S'^'negal),  and  never 
returned.  Some  of  these  may  ^"ive  got  into  the  trade- 
Avinds,  which  blow  fnmi  tl»"  t^aiiary  Islands  to  the  Carib- 
bean S<'a,  and  lx*en  wafu'<l  to  the  shores  of  America. 
There  can  be  but  little  doubt  that  soh^.  of  t)ie  sea- 
rovers  of  ancient  days  reached  the  shores  ol  America, 
and,  r(>turning,  communicat(>d  infornuition  which  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  story  of  Atlantis. 

In  some  way  a  knowledge  of  a  great  country,  beyond 
the  pillars  of  Hercules,  larger  than  Europe  or  Asia,  had 
reached  th(»  priests  of  Egypt  live  huudn^d  years  b.  c. 
About  that  tinie  the  fact  was  made  known  to  Solon  by 
an  ?jgyi)tian  pri<'st,  and  a  brief  a(!count  is  given  of  the 
country  by  Plato  and  other  authors. 

In  the  days  of  Solomon,  king  of  Judea,  his  ships  made 
voyages  of  thre«»  years'  duration. 

The  Argonautict'xpedition  implies  much  knowledge  of 
the  sea  at  an  early  date.  The  Pluimicians  are  known  to 
have  j)lanted  colonies  in  S])ain,  and  to  have  visited  the 
coasts  of  England  and  the  Jialtic. 

The  Carthaginians  visited  the  Canaries,  Madeira,  aid 
the  Azon's.  No  less  than  three  attempts  Avere  made  by 
the  PhdMiicians  to  circunm-uigate  the  continent  of  Africa, 
two  of  Avhich  are  said  to  have  been  successful.  The  first 
8uc<'essful  attempt  was  made  b}'^  Pharaoh  Necho,  king  of 
Egypt,  six  hundred  years  b.  c.  The  second  attempt 
was  made  by  Sataspes,  a  Persian  nobleman,  who 
was  condemned  to  death  by  Xerxes,  and  had  his  sentence 
commuted  to  the  task  of  sailing  around  the  continent  of 
Africa.     This  was  unsuccessful. 

The  third  attempt  was  made  by  Eudoxus,  in  the  time 


10 

of  Ptolemy  Eiierj^etes,  who,  after  several  inefiectnal  at- 
tempts, is  reported  tinally  to  have  accomplished  his  object. 
Five  hundred  and  seventy  years  n.  c,  Hanno,  a  Cartha- 
ginian admiral,  with  a  fleet  of  sixty  ships,  of  fifty  oars 
each,  having  on  hoard  thirty  thousand  men  and  women, 
sailed  from  Carthage  for  the  purpose  of  founding  cities  on 
the  western  coast  of  Africa.  They  founded  several  cities, 
and  penetrated  as  far  south,  it  is  believed,  as  Sierra 
Leone.  It  is  thus  positively  proved  that  large  ships  Avere 
"built  and  voyages  made,  thousands  o^  miles  in  length, 
six  hundred  years  b.  c.  ;  and  it  is  possible  that  the 
Phopnicians  had  derived  from  the  Chinese  a  knowledge 
of  the  magnetic  needle.  Tlie  trade- winds  from  the  vicinity 
of  the  Canary  Islands  would  liave  carried  them  into  the 
Caribbean  Sea  with  scarcely  a  change  of  sail.  It  is  almost 
certain  that  some  of  them  passed  over  to  America,  either 
by  accident  or  design.  It  is  equally  certain  that  some  few 
returned  and  imparted  a  knowledge  of  these  countries, 
otherwise  it  would  have  been  impossible  for  the  Egyptian 
priests  in  the  days  of  Solon  to  have  described  the  country. 
It  is  the  opinion  of  many  learned  men  that  in  the  earliest 
times  regular  voyages  were  made  by  the  Phtpnicians  to 
America.  This,  though  difficult  to  prove,  is  at  least 
highly  probable. 

The  Chinese  made  voyages  to  the  coast  of  California 
in  the  year  four  hundred  and  fifty-eight  (4»)8),  and  it  is  the 
opinion  of  eminent  Chinese  scholars  that  they  were  ac- 
quainted  with  the  western  coast  of  America  nearly  to 
Cape  Horn.  It  is  supposed  that  Buddhist  i)riests  came 
in  these  ships  and  introduced  the»r  science  and  religious 
ceremonies  into  Mexico.  The  missionaries  who  accom- 
panied Cortes  in  his  exiK-dition  against  Monte/nnia,  found 
annHig  the  iniiabitants  the  symbol  of  the  cross,  sonictliiiig 
analogous  to  the  Ijord's  Supper,  and  otlier  rites  similar  to 
those  in  tlie  llonian  church.  These,  it  is  stqiposed,  were 
introduced  by  Buddiiist  missionaries. 

The  Northmen  repeatedly  visited  the  coast  of  North 


mmm 


■MM 


11 

America,  between  tlio  tenth  and  tliirteentli  centuries. 
Their  explorations  extended  as  far  south  as  Rhode  Ishmd, 
perliaps  further. 

MOUNDS   AND   MOUND   IJUILDEHS. 

In  various  parts  of  our  country,  particuhirly  in  the 
West,  are  found  large  mounds  and  fortifications,  which 
have  excitec  the  wonder  of  the  curious.  Some  of  them 
are,  perliaps,  five  hundred  years  old,  as  they  have  trees 
growing  upon  them  three  hundred  years  old,  and  the  re- 
mains of  a  previous  growth  decaying  upon  the  ground. 
They  are  generally  found  in  the  vicinity  of  very  fertile 
lands,  easy  of  cultivation,  where  a  large  population  could 
be  sustained  with  little  labor.  Those  which  are  of  a  war- 
like luiture  were  pi-obably  thrown  up  as  a  defense  against 
enemies.  A  multitude  of  hands  would  soon  pile  up  an 
enormous  quantity  of  earth.  These  mounds  probably  re- 
quired but  little  more  labor  than  some  of  the  palisaded 
forts  of  the  Atlantic  States.  The  largest  known  mound 
within  the  United  States  could  easily  have  been  thrown 
up  by  five  hundred  men  in  eleven  months,  according  to 
careful  estimates  made  by  those  who  have  examined 
them. 

In  Central  America  and  Mexico  we  find  a  civilization 
of  a  higher  tyi)e.  The  empire  of  Montezuma  had  existed 
but  a  comparatively  short  period  at  the  time  of  the  Sijanish 
Conquest,  having  been  founded,  as  is  supposed,  in  1325. 
P  was  preceded  by  the  mighty  Toltec  empire.  According 
to  Mexican  historians,  the  Toltetd  arrived  in  the  Valley 
of  Mexico  A.  D.  G48.  They  continued  to  spread  their  con- 
quests far  and  wid<'  during  a  period  of  four  hundred 
years.  They  built  the  great  pyramid  of  Cholula,  and 
other  huge  structures.  About  a.  d.  lOiil,  the  Toltecs, 
having  bet>n  gn'atly  reduced  by  war,  pestilence,  and 
famine,  silently  and  mysteriously  tlisai)peared.  The 
Toltecs  i'xtcudcd  their  coiupu'sts  into  Central  America, 
and  have  left  their  language  in  scmie  of  its  provinces. 
It  was  in   this  region,  abundantly  favored   by  nature, 


I 


12 

wlioic  Eiiropoan,  Asiatic  and  African  adventurers  met 
and  brouirlit  the  seeds  of  knowledge  from  three  continents, 
tliat  we  find  a  peculiar  fomi  of  civiliwition,  in  part  in- 
digenous and  in  part  foivign. 


MISSIONAKIES   AMONG  THE   INDIANS. 

Tlie  Roman  Catholics  had  manj'  stations  among  them 
in  fonner  ])eriods,  and  conv«'i"ted  many  to  tlieir  faith. 
Eliott  and  Mayhew,  in  Massachusetts,  Avere  t  ery  success- 
ful as  missionaries,  also  the  Moravians,  in  Pennsylvania. 
Upon  the  lireaking  out  of  King  Philip's  war,  the  Indians 
of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Nantucket,  and  Cape  Cod  were 
mostly  professed  Christians.  Besides  these  there  were 
no  less  than  seven  villages  of  praying  Indians,  who  bad 
long  been  instructed  by  the  venerable  Eliott,  within  the 
bounds  of  the  colonv  of  Massachust^tts.  These  were  faith- 
ful  to  the  English  during  th<^  war.  Had  they  Joined 
Philij),  the  Ncav  England  colonies  would,  in  all  human 
probal>illty,  have  been  exterminated.  When  wt^  care- 
fully survey  the  el!brts  that  have  been  made  to  Chris- 
tianize the  Indians,  we  shall  find  as  much  success 
among  them  as  among  the  inliabitants  of  the  Ejist  Indies. 

We  have  in  America  ancient  races  and  hoary  ruins 
quite  as  interesting  as  any  pn^scnted  by  Assyria,  Greece, 
or  Rome.  It  should  Iw  the  pride  of  American  citizens  to 
solve  the  problems  connei^ted  with  the  origin  of  the  tirst 
population  of  Ameri<-a.  and  the  civilization  of  Mexico  and 
Peru.  The  subject  not  only  has  the  charm  of  novelty 
and  romance,  but  deserves  the  serious  attention  of  the 
most  ])r(>found  intellect.  It  is  hoped  that  this  i>romising 
held  of  arch.Tological  research  will  not  be  left  entiiely  to 
the  learned  societies  of  Euro]>e,  but  that  we  shall  do  our 
part  in  rescuing  from  oi)livion  the  language,  arts,  and 
monuments  of  America. 


13 
INTERPRETATION  OF   INDIAN  NAMES. 

INDIAN   NAMES   IN   NEW  YORK, 

Ma X 11  attan — 'Rsii>\d»—M('n'Uan,  Rasle. 

CiiATEMUc  — Great  rocks— Cha,  great;  Ainukqut, 
Rock,  Eliott,  B. 

MuscouTA— Low  i)lains. 

KiTCiiAWAN — Large  flowing  stream. 

Nyack — Corner,  point,  or  aw^Xyi—Naiag,  El. 

Esopu.s — Steep  coast,  or  liigli  walled  banks.  (The 
Indians  livvog  around  the  abrupt  hills  at  Farmington, 
Connecticut,  were  called  Sopus  Indians.) 

PouoHKEEPSiE — Small  cove,  or  harbor. 

SiiAWANGUNK— Great  vfuW—Cha,  great ;  WanKonos,  a 

wall. 

QiASSAicK— Rocky  stream. 

PuNKiiocKiE — A  steep  bank. 

CoiioNKSON— Place    of  wild    geese  — Co7io«Z-,    gray 

goose. 

Petaucunk — A  plunge,  a  Ml  in  a  stream. 

MoiiUNK — Great  hill. 

Hunk — A  fall  in  a  stream. 

SucKANissiNG — Black  stone  place. 

HoMowACK — Water  flows  out. 

Mama  RATING — Great  standing  heap. 

Maii ACK AM ACK— Chief  s  house,  or  king  s  palace. 

Nesciitack — Bad  swamp. 

CoxsACKiE — High  hills. 

Asiiokan — Rapids. 

Wawaksing— Holy  place,  place  of  sacred  feasts  and 
war  dances. 

Maiteawan — Place  of  dressed  skins. 

Napanock — Name  of  an  Indian  chief. 


LONG  island. 

Go w ANUS — To  flow  down,  shallows. 
Sew  A  N  H  AC  k  1  e — Wampum  land. 
Maspetii — A  swamp. 


14 

Maniiasset — An  island  sheltered  by  other  islands. 
SiiAGWAM — High  blutr. 
MoNTAi'K — standard,  pillar,  or  ensign. 
Nayack — A  point. 

IXDIAN   NAMES    IX    PENNSYLVANIA. 

CoAQUAXNocK — Philadeli)hia- GrovG  of  long  pine 
trees. 

KiTiiAXNE,  or  Lknapeiiittuk — Delaware  River- 
Large  river,  or  river  of  the  Lenape. 

Nesiiamo  IE— Two  streams  making  one  by  flowing 
together. 

Pemapack — A  pond  without  a  current. 

Sai'cox — The  outlet  of  a  stream. 

Leciiauiianne — Tlie  forks  occasioned  by  the  conflu- 
ence of  two  rivers. 

Thuppekhanne — Cold  spring  stream. 

Saxkexak — Flint  stone. 

CocossiNG — Place  of  owls, 

PoiiopoKA — Two  mountains  buttin^;  with  their  ends 
against  each  other,  with  a  stream  of  water  between. 

Tankh  ANN  A — Small  stream. 

ToBYiiAXXA — Alder  stream. 

M AECiiii ANNE — Large  stream . 

Masoeckhanne — Swamp  stream. 

SiumoKAX — Glue. 

ToMBicAX — Place  of  crab  apples. 

T A  M Mil'  A  X — Beaver  stn 'am . 

Lycoming — Sandy  creek. 

Tappan — Cold  stream. 

INDIAN   NAMES    IN    NEW   JERSEY. 

Passaick — Large  river. 

HACKt;NSACk— Fields  at  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

MuscoxETCONG — Ruslilng  stream. 

Watciiog — Overflowing  pcjud. 

Rauitan — Forked  river. 


I 


1 


16 

Raway — A  forked  vapid  stream. 

Ba  iiNEGAT — Transnarent  Avater. 

Ni<:vEUsrNK— Between  place,  or  (Naiwisink)  place  of 
comers. 

Manasquan — End  of  peninsula. 

CoMMiTxiPAW — Good  fishing. 

Piscataway — Water  gap.  A  breach  in  high  rocks 
through  which  a  stream  runs. 

TucKAiioE — Troubled  water. 

AssuxpiNK — Standing  stone  ;  a  large  rock  standing 
alone  in  a  stream. 

ToTowA — Passaic  Falls  ;  gaps,  or  breaches. 

INDIAN   NAMi;S  IN   MASSACHUSETTS. 

AdAWAM — A  fishing  station. 

Ass  ABET — Miry  stream. 

HoosAC — A  pinnacle. 

Squam — Ljist ;  highest. 

Meukimack — Rushing  water. 

Naiiant — A  point. 

MisiiAWUN — Large  peninsula. 

Sii.'WMUT — A  close,  or  compacted  place.  A  name 
often  applied  to  necks  of  land.  It  may,  in  this  case, 
possibly  mean  a  clust<n'  of  sliarp  pointed  hills.  From 
Shmn,  close ;  and  3futlang,  a  standard,  pillar,  or  ensign. 
Cluster,  El.  Bible,  Num.  xiii.  23,  cheauash.  Compacted, 
Eph.  iv.  IP),  Shamwehteunk. 

VVACiirsET — A  mountain. 

Nantasket — Place  of  low  ebb  tide. 


|j 


INDIAN   NAMES    IN  CONNECTICUT. 

CoNNEcnicuT — Long  river. 

Mystic — Large  river. 

Qui  NEB  AUG — Long  Avater. 

Pawcatuck — Pure  river.     Palike,  pure  ;  tucTc,  river. 

S 1 1  etuck  et — Violent  river. 

Yantic — Four  rivers. 

130840 


H>j 


i':!   I 


i' !'. 


16 

Masiiapaug — Large  pond. 

Nauoatiick — River  of  the  mountain's  fore-front.* 
HousATONic — River  of  the  lofty  mountains. 
QuASSAPOG — Stony  pond. 

INDIAN    NAMES    IN    RHODE   ISLAND. 

Aquidnic — An  island. 
Aquidnesuk — Small  island. 
Manisses — Small  island. 
Mashapaug — Large  pond. 
MiNNABAUG — still  or  deep  water. 
Nayatt — A  point. 

Pettaqtjomscot — Rock  at  the  entrance. 
PAwcATirrK — Pure  river  (or  fresh  river) ;  from  pa^K'e, 
pure,  and  tuck,  river. 

SiiAWOMUT — A  neck  or  close  place.     Warwick  neck. 
SucKAxrNKANUCK — Flint  hill. 

INDIAN   NAMES   IN   NEW  IIAMPSIIIKE. 

Kearsakoe — High  hill. 

CoNTOCooK — Swelling  stream. 

MoNADNOCK — steep  mountain. 

PiscATAQUA — Rocky  stream,  or  a  gap  or  breach 
in  liigh  rocks,  through  whi(!h  a  stream  flows.  From 
pisk  or pisqiiUOy  rock  ;t  and  touicag  or  tauwi,  a  gap. 

INDIAN    names    in    MAINE. 

Penobscot — A  rock. 

Kenebeck — Long  water. 

Pkesumpscot — Cliffs  of  rocks. 

Damariscotta — Where  we  dry  fish,  or  place  for 
drying  fish. 

Androscoggin — To  fish  both  with  a  spear  arid  a  line. 
This  name  is  spelled  in  several  ways,  and  each  appears  to 
denote  a  certain  mode  of  fishing. 

*  Whoro  the  mountain  eonics  closo  to  the  river. 

\  There  arc  more  tlian  Rixtecn  difl'orcnt  words  used  in  Pilliott'ii  Indian  Biblo 
to  signify  rock. 


^ 


nKSr 


